Chemistry Review Page
The following links are provided for a review of chemistry. (Each of the following sites has additional links to explore)
Chemistry Review - NYU Mathmolecules Hypertextbook
Chemistry Review - MIT Biology Hypertextbook
Biological Molecules Review - MIT Hypertextbook
Chemistry Review - On-Line Biology Text, Estrella Mountain Community College (Michael J. Farabee, Ph.D.)
Chemistry Review Assignment
Using the following images, from the Mathmol Hypertextbook at NYU, answer the questions below.
1. Determine the names of all of the colored atoms in the following images.
2. Explain the unique structure of the water molecule pictured below. Describe the special properties of water which make it important to all living things.
3. Explain the orientation of water molecules in the image of ice below. Why does this orientation occur? and what special properties does this specifically account for?
4. In the following image of glucose, how many covalent bonds are associated with each different type of atom found in the molecule? Is glucose always in this ring formation? Glucose is refereed to as a monosaccharride, What does this mean?
5. How does the structure of sucrose, in the image below, differ from glucose? What two simple sugars combine to form sucrose? What type of a reaction is required to form sucrose and to break it down?
6. If carbohydrates and lipids are both made of C, H & O, how can you tell the difference between the two by observing their structures or chemical formulas? What causes the fatty acid molecule below to a linear molecule? What atoms present in this fatty acid are not pictured in this image? How could you tell from the image that something was missing ?
7. How does the structure of the fatty acid below differ from the one above? Why does this difference occur and what is it called? What kind of a fatty acid is this refereed to as? Is this type better for than the linear fatty acid pictured above? Why?
8. The amino acid, in the image below, is a monomer of what type of macromolecule or polymer? What three structural components are characteristic of amino acids? What element found in amino acids was lacking in carbohydrates and lipids?
9. What structural difference can be observed, when comparing the following amino acid to the one pictured above? What two parts of the amino acid remain the same?
10. The following amino acid can be joined to other amino acids through the formation of what type of type of chemical bond? What type of chemical reaction is required to form and break this bond? List the steps involved in the maturation of proteins? What causes these different stages to occur? Why is the final structure of a protein so important?
11. Adenine, the nucleotide below, is composed of what three structural parts? Is this nucleotide (adenine) found in DNA, RNA or both DNA and RNA?
12. Is the nucleotide below the same type as the one ptctured above? Would these two nucleotides be complimentary? Why or why not?
13. What kind of nitrogen containing base is found on the nuleotide below? What two parts of the nucleotide are involved in constructing the side chains of the DNA double helix? and what part of the nucleotide is involved in joining the two side chains together?
14. What two types of bonds are involved in holding nucleotides together within the DNA molecule? What nucleotide parts are bound by each of the two different bonds?
15. AMP (adenosine monophosphate) has a structure almost identical to the nucleotide adenine in question #11, can you find the structural differences between these two molecules? What component of the nuleotide is different and would explain the differences in structure?
16. ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate is pictured in the image below, what is unique about the bonds found between the phosphate molecules? What is required in order to construct ATP from AMP pictured above? What is the importance of ATP for living things? and how can ATP be recycled?
